This report looks at the implicationsfor public administration reform over the next 5-10 years,and proposes a priority agenda for action by the Governmentof Afghanistan (GOA) and the donor community. The reportreviews the prospects and priorities for publicadministration reform in three key areas: building aneffective civil service, improving local governance andservice delivery, and making government accountable to thepeople. This report has made the case that publicadministration reform in Afghanistan is both very importantand very difficult: very important because it will providethe Government o f Afghanistan with the capacity to respondto popular demands for good governance and improved servicedelivery; very difficult, because of the inherent challengeso f institutional change, especially in the currentpolitical and security situation in Afghanistan. PublicAdministration Reform (PAR) is a long-term task -This willrequire persistent effort over time, as well as innovativeapproaches to improve service delivery in the short andmedium terms. Afghanistan's experience over the pastfive years, as well as lessons from other fragile states,provide some clues about how to go about publicadministration reform.