The study's objective was tosupport the socio-economic development program of theGovernment of Orissa by helping to analyze and formulatepractical strategies for strengthening an institutional andregulatory framework with respect to managing theenvironmental and social impacts of investments in themining and industry sectors. This study, conducted for abouta year, focused on two sets of issues: (i) the need tocreate mechanisms to share the concentrated benefits ofmineral-intensive investments across the community, and (ii)the need to address the externalities of acceleratedmineral-intensive through improved enforcement andcompliance of environmental and mining regulations.Significant attention was given to the capacity needs of theOrissa Pollution Control Board (OPCB), as the main agency tomonitor and enforce compliance with environmentalregulations and standards. This analytical work wasundertaken with strong support from the Department ofEnvironment (DOE), the Orissa Pollution Control Board(OPCB), Department of Steel and Mines (DoS&M), and theDepartment of Industry (DoI).