Vietnam is facing the challenge oftrying to keep pace with increasing environmental pollutionassociated with rapid urbanization, especially in the largercities. Over the past 20 years, the Government of Vietnamhas made considerable effort to develop urban sanitationpolicies, legislations and regulations, and to invest inurban sanitation including wastewater treatment systems.This study is one of three country studies conducted in theemerging countries of Vietnam, the Philippines, andIndonesia as part of the East Asian urban sanitation review.It reviews the effectiveness of the wastewater sector inVietnam and makes recommendations to the Government onactions to scale up the sector to improve its performance.Lessons that emerge from this study can be considered forthe on-going and or the next generation of wastewater systems.