Although poverty has declined rapidlyover the past three decades, humanity still faces urgent andcomplex challenges. The World Bank Group has establishedambitious but achievable goals to anchor its overarchingmission and to galvanize international and national effortsin this endeavor. Accordingly, the institution will striveto: (i) end extreme poverty at the global level within ageneration, and (ii) promote what may be called sharedprosperity: a sustainable increase in the well-being of thepoorer segments of society. This second goal reflects thefact that all countries aspire to rapid and sustainedincreases in living standards for all of the citizens, notjust the already privileged. The goals set will anchor theinstitution going forward and will sharpen resolve tosupport countries effectively to reach these goals. Thisneeds a better understanding of what policies andinterventions work best to promote objectives consistentwith these goals, when (in terms of the enablingenvironment) they work best, and how to translate theknowledge gained from evidence and practice to meaningfulengagement with country governments.