This paper presents retail prices of thepetroleum products in August 2008 in up to 56 countries, andexamines the degree of pass through to consumers ofincreases in world gasoline and diesel prices since January2004 in 48 countries. This is the second paper in a seriessummarizing work undertaken to assess the implications ofhigher oil prices on fuel use, the downstream petroleumsector, and household fuel consumption in the developingworld. It follows a recent publication on a decompositionanalysis of vulnerability to oil price increases, wherevulnerability is defined as the percentage of gross domesticproduct (GDP) spent on net imports of crude oil andpetroleum products (Bacon and Kojima 2008). This paperfocuses on the extent to which international petroleumproduct price increases have been passed on to consumers.