Pensions Panorama : Retirement-Income Systems in 53 Countries

Whitehouse, Edward

Washington, DC:World Bank

关键词: ACCIDENT COMPENSATION;    ACCRUAL RATES;    ACCRUALS;    ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS;    ANNUITY;   

DOI  :  10.1596/978-0-8213-6764-3
RP-ID  :  37961

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

Pensions panorama provides a compendiumof facts and analysis that should inform policy making andpublic debate about retirement-income systems around theworld. The section following the introduction sets out atypology: a way of defining and classifying different kindsof pension schemes. It shows which countries have whichtypes of pension schemes, covering all elements of theretirement-income system, including resource-tested benefitsand basic pensions as well as public, earnings-related, andcompulsory private pension plans. Next, the study sets outthe institutional detail: the parameters and rules ofdifferent parts of the retirement-income system. The nextsection presents the core, empirical results: future pensionentitlements of today's workers with different levelsof earnings from all sources. This section includes thefamiliar replacement rate indicator: individual pensionentitlements as a proportion of individual earnings whenworking. The following section explores the important rolethat personal income taxes and social security contributionsplay in determining the relative incomes of older people. Inparticular, it shows net replacement rates (that is, pensionnet of taxes and any contributions, relative to earnings,net of taxes and contributions). The third section onempirical results looks at the link between pensionentitlements in retirement and earnings in work. Thisanalysis highlights the key differences in philosophybetween different countries' retirement-income systems.Moreover, changes to the pensions-earnings link have beencentral to many recent reforms to retirement-income regimes.The concluding section sets out a number of dimensions inwhich the pension systems of 53 countries differ.