Ports have become increasingly capitalintensive. Economies of scale have led to larger, morespecialized ships, and, competition between ports hasstarted to grow. As a result, governments are reorganizingthe way ports are run, and permitting more privateownership, and service delivery. Because ports providemultiple services, if governments are to design an efficientlegal, and regulatory framework for private participation,it is important to study all these activities to evaluatethe best approach. Moreover, because these activities musttake place in a small space, it is important to study howthey are best coordinated. The note outlines privatizationoptions, such as: full privatization, i.e., all assets andliabilities are transferred to the private sector; build,operate and own, i.e., parts of the port are sold to bedeveloped; build or rehabilitate, on a concession basis;joint ventures; leasing, i.e., no investments, onlycommercial risks; licensing, (provision of equipment); and,management contract, i.e., both investment and commercialrisks are faced by the public sector.
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