Investing in Indonesia's Education : Allocation, Equity, and Efficiency of Public Expenditures

Arze del Granado, F. Javier ; Fengler, Wolfgang ; Ragatz, Andy ; Yavuz, Elif

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: EDUCATION;    EDUCATION SPENDING;    ENROLLMENT;    QUALITY OF EDUCATION;    POVERTY;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-4329
RP-ID  :  WPS4329

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

What are the current trends and maincharacteristics of public education spending in Indonesia?Is education spending insufficient? Are expenditures ineducation efficient and equitable? This study reports thefirst account of Indonesia's aggregated (national andsub-national) spending on education, as well as the economiccomposition of education spending and its breakdown byprograms. It presents estimations of the expected (average)level of education spending for a country with its economicand social characteristics. This analysis sheds light on theefficiency and equity of education spending by presentingsocial rates of return by level of education, by assessingthe adequacy of current teacher earnings relative to otherpaid workers and the distribution of teachers across urban,rural, and remote regions, and by identifying the maindeterminants of education enrollment. It concludes that thecurrent challenges in Indonesia are no longer defined by theneed of additional spending, but rather the need to improvethe quality of education services, and to improve theefficiency of education expenditures by re-allocatingteachers to undersupplied regions and re-adjusting thespending mix within and between education programs forfuture additional spending in the sector. The study findsthat poverty and student-aged labor are also significantconstraints to education enrollment, stressing theimportance of policies aimed at addressing demand-side factors.