The objectives of the study are toassess the impact of operational efforts in farmlandrestructuring and sustainable agricultural land managementon vulnerability amongst rural households in Tajikistan; andto provide context and improve strategies for currentoperations in land reform, rural growth and sustainable landmanagement given the challenges of economic transition,institutional, economic and environmental fragility, and theemerging risks of climate change. Low levels of assets andcapabilities, as well as unsupportive institutionalarrangements, constrain the options of the rural poor. Ruralvulnerability both affects, and is affected by, householdand community access to and use of land and other naturalresources.Considerable theoretical literature can be foundon the relationship between environmental management ofagricultural production and rural vulnerability. This studyexamines the results and synergies of operational,field-level interventions in land tenure, sustainable landmanagement and agricultural production.Limited managementcontrol over farmland, land degradation and low levels/lowdiversification of other assets are considered to be keydrivers of rural vulnerability.A key focus, therefore, isto examine the effectiveness of strategies resulting frominterventions to improve the incentive framework for farmersto help ensure livelihood security.The study seeks toexamine linkages between operational efforts to securefamily-based land tenure and other agricultural livelihoodasset accumulation, and capacities to respond to shocks andstresses as seen in perceptions held by farmers and farmworkers, in entrepreneurial behavior and adoption ofsustainable land management practices.In the post-Sovietcontext, land-related family/household-based rights andresponsibilities are considered particularly importantmotivations for sustainable natural resource management andbuilding rural resilience.