An Analysis of Physical and Monetary Losses of Environmental Healthand Natural Resources in India

Mani, Muthukumara ; Markandya, Anil ; Sagar, Aarsi ; Strukova, Elena

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: ADOLESCENTS;    ADULT MORTALITY;    AGE DISTRIBUTION;    AGED;    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-6219
RP-ID  :  WPS6219

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

This study provides estimates of socialand financial costs of environmental damage in India fromthree pollution damage categories: (i) urban air pollution;(ii) inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and hygiene;and (iii) indoor air pollution. It also provides estimatesbased on three natural resource damage categories: (i)agricultural damage from soil salinity, water logging, andsoil erosion; (ii) rangeland degradation; and (iii)deforestation. The estimates are based on a combination ofIndian data from secondary sources and on the transfer ofunit costs of pollution from a range of national andinternational studies. The study estimates the total cost ofenvironmental degradation in India at about 3.75 trillionrupees (US$80 billion) annually, equivalent to 5.7 percentof gross domestic product in 2009, which is the referenceyear for most of the damage estimates.Of this total,outdoor air pollution accounts for 1.1 trillion rupees,followed by the cost of indoor air pollution at 0.9 trillionrupees, croplands degradation cost at 0.7 trillion rupees,inadequate water supply and sanitation cost at around at 0.5trillion rupees, pasture degradation cost at 0.4 trillionrupees, and forest degradation cost at 0.1 trillion rupees.