Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

Michalopoulos, Constantine ; Ng, Francis

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: ADVERSE EFFECTS;    ADVERSE IMPACT;    AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES;    AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS;    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-6463
RP-ID  :  WPS6463

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

The study presents a comprehensivereview of developing country trade policies and marketaccess issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. Themain findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well astraditional core non-tariff measures have declinedsignificantly over time in both developed and developingcountries. Second, the instruments of protection used bydeveloped and developing countries are becoming increasinglysimilar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are theinstruments of choice for all except low-income developingcountries. Third, agriculture is the main sector wheredeveloping countries face access problems in OECD markets.Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements areboth a result and a cause of the lack of progress inmultilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basicWorld Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation andthus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system anda potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration.Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers totrade are being increasingly used by both developed anddeveloping countries but their protective intent isdifficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance,transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are notbeing used as a means of protection of economic interests.Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area whereefforts for further liberalization are needed and mayproduce significant benefits. And seventh, far lessadditional protection has been put in place following the2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared orwhat had happened in earlier crises.