The Government of Japan beganintroducing evaluation techniques in 2001 within the contextof a Central Government reform program that involved theestablishment of new ministries and the integration andabolition of existing ministries. Japans approach emphasizesassessing policies and activities, and then incorporatingresults into future planning and budgeting, with a focus onmaking public sector programs and activities more efficient.This is a synopsis of Japans experience with public sectorperformance assessment processes between 2001 and 2010. Thisnote presents a range of initiatives underway in Japan,including policy and activity evaluation, as well as thespending review exercise designed to make public sectorservice delivery more efficient. The intention of this noteis not to necessarily endorse Japans approach, but rather todocument it as a case study.