Over the past two decades, Brazil hasbeen employing a very innovative community-drivendevelopment (CDD) approach to reducing rural poverty in itsNortheast region. These efforts began with a relativelysmall pilot in the late 1980s, which was then extended tothe entire Northeast region in the early 1990s. Emboldenedby early results on the ground, the state and Federalgovernments have since continued to steadily scale up thisCDD program, known in Brazil as the Programa de Combate aPobreza Rural (PCPR, or by its English acronym of RPRP,Rural Poverty Reduction Program), to the point where it isnow reaching some 11 million people. The process has beenone of continual piloting, refinement and expansion,underpinned by very active monitoring and evaluation effortsby the government itself, the World Bank as the primaryexternal partner, foreign and local non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) and academics.