Planning for hydropower developmentneeds to evolve from a project-based engineering approach toa more holistic one - an approach incorporating river basinplanning and integrating potential social and environmentalissues across multiple projects and the entire river basin.Such a framework would help to optimize the benefits andminimize the costs. It would also bring stakeholderstogether to weigh opportunities and risks and form aconsensus for sustainable and equitable development. APublic-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility(PPIAF)-funded study on two river basins in India'sHimalayan region outlines steps for moving toward such aholistic framework.