How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?

Dang, Hai-Anh ; Rogers, F. Halsey

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT;    ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE;    ACADEMIC RANKING;    ACADEMIC SUBJECTS;    ACHIEVEMENTS;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-4530
RP-ID  :  WPS4530

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

Private tutoring is now a majorcomponent of the education sector in many developingcountries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges andmakes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised againstprivate tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates socialinequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes.This paper surveys the literature for evidence on privatetutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factorsthat explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness inimproving student academic performance. It also presents aframework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects oftutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise theeffectiveness of the education system under certainreasonable assumptions, even taking into account equityconcerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruptionand other problems that diminish the contributions of thetutoring sector.