Mongolia : Distributional Impactof Taxes and Transfers

Freije, Samuel ; Yang, Judy

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: TAXATION;    INEQUALITY;    DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT;    TRANSFERS;    REDISTRIBUTION;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-8639
RP-ID  :  WPS8639

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

This paper uses Mongolia'sHousehold Socio Economic Survey for 2016 to estimate thedistributive impact of taxes and transfers.The findingsshow that the system is progressive and contributes toreductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini coefficientof the pre-tax-and-transfer income is 0.4183 and decreasesto 0.3507 after-tax-and-transfer. This is a reduction of6.76 Gini points (around 16 percent). Something similarhappens with the poverty rate, which decreases from 47.31 to31.96 percent. Despite the progressiveness of the wholesystem, there are some caveats and policy warnings. First,pensions are the most redistributive instrument in thesystem, but their actuarial and fiscal sustainability isweak. Second, two programs (the child money program and themortgage subsidy) do little redistribution -- the latter isactually regressive -- but represent a large share of thebudget (around 2.5 percent of gross domestic product). Thesetwo factors, and the fact that up to a 35 percent of totalexpenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded bycorporate taxes and royalties -- which are highly dependenton volatile commodity prices—make the redistributive impactof the tax-and-transfer system susceptible to fiscal unsustainability.