This report presents available evidenceon adult education and training in Europe and Central Asia(ECA), differentiating two separate types: continuingvocational education and training (CVET) for the employed,sought either by employers or individuals, and retrainingand second chance education for the non?employed. This paperpresents available evidence on the extent and patterns oflifelong learning in ECA. It argues that advancing adulteducation and training in ECA is important not only to meetthe new skills demands but also to respond to a rapidlyworsening demographic outlook across most of the region.While it is not equally important for all ECA countries,adult education and training should be high on the agenda ofthose ECA economies that are closest to the technologicalfrontier and facing a demographic decline, such as the newEuropean Union (EU) member States and Russia. The paper laysout a framework for government action to advance adultlearning in ECA through a mix consisting of policycoordination between government and the enterprise sector, asound regulatory regime and appropriate financial incentives.