This note examines key stages ofnational monitoring and evaluation systems’ (NMESs)development in different country contexts and argues fortailored approaches to building M and E capacities. Thedevelopment of NMESs rests on four building blocks - visionof leadership, an enabling environment, capacity to supplyand analyze M and E information, and capacity to demand anduse M and E information. Developing countries can differsignificantly in their performance along these fourdimensions - some have virtually no NMES, while others areat a much more advanced stage where reliable and timely Mand E information is generated and used. Most developingcountries likely fall in between. Using the example of fiveAfrican countries, this note discusses the differences andsimilarities in capacity-building needs for countries atdifferent levels of NMES development.