Are the 'Poor' Getting Globalized?

Mendoza, Adelina ; Nayyar, Gaurav ; Piermartini, Roberta

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: TRADE LIBERALIZATION;    GLOBALIZATION;    MARKET ACCESS;    INCOME DISTRIBUTION;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-8609
RP-ID  :  WPS8609

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

One reason that poor people may notcapture the full benefit from participation in internationalmarkets is that the goods they produce tend to be subject torelatively high trade barriers. This paper analyzes marketaccess barriers faced by households in different incomedeciles by matching household survey data from India basedon the industrial classification of their economic activity.Tariffs in international markets are higher, and nontariffmeasures more numerous, on goods produced by poor workersthan on goods produced by rich workers. Tariffs faced byexporters are higher on goods produced in rural and moreremote areas than on those in urban centers, on goodsproduced by informal enterprises than by formal ones, and ongoods produced by women than by men. Furthermore, the globalreduction in tariffs from 1996 to 2012 failed to amelioratethese differences. How did we get there? Efforts to protectpoor workers across countries resulted in a coordinationproblem. Indeed, tariff protection in China and the UnitedStates is higher on goods produced by poor workers than ongoods produced by rich workers. Therefore, if poor workersare employed in similar sectors, then each country'sattempts to protect its poor workers by imposing highertariffs and more nontariff measures on such goods willreduce the access of all poor workers to internationalmarkets, and thus limit the gains from trade.