The objective of this note is to provideguidance for countries on how to organize a public debtmanagement back office most effectively. It describes thecore processes that should be performed by that unit that isultimately responsible for recording, monitoring, andreporting on public debt. It also highlights theirinvolvement in the execution and settlement process. Theseare the basic functions of a debt management office, andevidence shows that many countries could benefit fromimprovements in this area. Proper debt recording andmonitoring are the essential first step to developing goodquality data; these form the basis for quantitativeanalysis, provide support for debt operations and facilitateeffective policy decisions. Focusing on the main debtinstruments that are used by low income countries, the notedescribes each process individually and highlights theirinterdependence. The main conclusion is that debt managersshould organize themselves around the processes notproducts, and they should gather information to create adataset to support debt management activities. Soundreporting is important for risk assessment and monitoring ofa sovereign, and for the development and execution of debt strategies.