Citizen Engagement in Rulemaking : Evidence on Regulatory Practices in 185 Countries

Johns, Melissa ; Saltane, Valentina

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: regulatory governance;    consultation;    notice and comment;    regulatory transparency;    impact assessments;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-7840
RP-ID  :  WPS7840

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

This paper presents a new database ofindicators measuring the extent to which rulemakingprocesses are transparent and participatory across 185countries. The data look at how citizen engagement happensin practice, including when and how governments open thepolicy-making process to public input. The data also capturethe use of ex ante assessments to determine the possiblecost of compliance with a proposed new regulation, thelikely administrative burden of enforcing the regulation,and its potential environmental and social impacts. The datashow that citizens have more opportunities to participatedirectly in the rulemaking process in developed economiesthan in developing ones. Differences are also apparent amongregions: rulemaking processes are significantly lesstransparent and inclusive in Sub-Saharan Africa, the MiddleEast and North Africa, and South Asia on average than inOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmenthigh-income countries, Europe and Central Asia, and EastAsia and the Pacific. In addition, ex ante impactassessments are much more common among higher-incomeeconomies than among lower-income ones. And greater citizenengagement in rulemaking is associated with higher-qualityregulation, stronger democratic regimes, and less corrupt institutions.