This paper focuses on recent theoreticaldevelopments in political economy and what role they mightplay in explaining and reforming individual country andglobal distortions in food and agricultural markets. Fourgroups of forces are isolated: political governancestructures emphasizing the role of democratic mechanisms;the design of polycentric structures for assignedgovernmental authority for setting policy instruments;market structure and other socioeconomic characteristics;and the role of sector mobility and asset diversification.Each of these forces are distilled and data sources arereviewed that will allow econometric specifications thathave both explanatory and policy reform implications.