The United Nations (UN) UrbanizationProspects report (2009) indicated that the world will becomepredominantly urban in a few years. The increasing interestin urban affairs (policy and praxis), the renewal missionand the shift in global economic growth towards China andIndia fueled increased interest in urbanization, servicesand investment needs. Following the history of variouscommittees or institutions mandated (Rakesh Mohan Committee,1996; HUDCO, 2000) to estimate aggregate levels of totalannual investment requirements for urban infrastructure, theHigh Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) was tasked (2008) bythe Planning Commission to estimate the demand for urbaninfrastructural services, along with other issues relevantto the conceptualization and management of these. Onsitesanitation systems are usually invested in by households andmaintained by them through access to market serviceproviders (for example, masons, septage collectors, and soon). Apart from state-assisted capital investments (like inthe Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme for the poorhouseholds), these capital investments are mostly privateand from households. In the coming years, without the urbanhousehold sanitation structure will continue to exhibit amix of different sanitation technologies and arrangements,onsite, sewered, shared/community/public and householdownership. The composition could show variation depending onthe incentives provided at the city level throughprogrammatic interventions using behavior change andmarket-linked approaches. The objective of this study was toreview and refine earlier work on financing needs of theurban sanitation sector and, based thereon, projectinvestment requirements for addressing the full cycle ofsanitation in urban areas, that is, providing universalaccess (for resident households and floating populations),and for safe collection, conveyance and treatment of human excreta.
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