Four mutually supportive strategic pillars and related policy priorities would help Kazakhstan continue the structural transformation that stalled during the oil booms, in order to eliminate poverty and build a large and secure middle class: 1. economic management for diversification, to strengthen economic management in support of outward diversification of the economy; 2. private sector development, withthe state disengaging from its active role in the economy and instead becoming an enabler for a competitive private sector, including a strong small and medium enterprise sector; 3. integration and connectivity, to expand the capability for external trade and the ability of economic regions to respond to external and domestic opportunities, while strengthening institutions for national integration and citizen participation; and 4. productive and adaptive human and natural capital, to enhance humancapital so that workers can attain higher levels of productivity and respond more agilely to market developments, while improving natural resource management to strengthen resilience and support sustainability. To deliver on all these priorities, Kazakhstan needs to continue to modernize and build the capacity of its institutions, making them more open, responsive, and effective.
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