This study is highly selectiveand organized into four thematic chapters.Specifically, chapter 1 provides a snapshot ofBurundi’s political and macroeconomic context,and reviews the evolution of the decentralizationprocess to better understand how institutional,political, and bureaucratic dynamics have shapedthe historical trajectory of decentralizationand generated the outcomes observed today.Chapter 2 provides a systematic investigation of the status of fiscal decentralization in Burundi,and identifies key policy issues to be consideredto ensure the medium-term sustainability ofthe reform process while at the same timeaddressing the short-term financial needs ofcommunes. Chapter 3 provides an in-depthdiagnostic of a key service delivery responsibilityrecently devolved to communes—the provisionof land registration services—and discusses thechallenges and opportunities related to ongoingefforts to scale up access to these land servicesacross 116 rural communes and Bujumbura.Chapter 4 shifts the focus to the nature of statecitizenrelations in an effort to better understandhow citizen engagement in the decision-makingprocess may be improved and local authoritiesheld accountable for the provision of basicservices.