This paper develops a number ofapproaches to power sector planning that respond to theuncertainties that Afghanistan faces. It aims to provide analternative to the “predict then act” approach to planning,which will allow more robust decision making. The paper isdivided into two parts: the main text provides an overviewof the challenges faced in Afghanistan, analyses some of thekey decision problems and future development options andmakes recommendations on how they may be tackled. Theannexes contain more detailed case studies of individualproblems and introduces methodological approaches by whichthey can be addressed.