Since its adoption in December 2015 bythe 21st Conference of Parties (COP21), within the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 175countries to date have ratified the Paris Agreement. Thesecountries have made commitments Nationally DeterminedContributions (NDCs), in some cases contingent on financingby developed countries, to limit or reduce their Greenhousegas (GHG) emissions through a variety of measures includingmore significant deployment of renewable power, energyefficiency, land-use controls such as conservation offorests and grasslands, carbon pricing, and other measurescompatible with each country’s national circumstances andcapabilities. Even with full ratification of the Agreementby all 197 signatories, the aggregate effect is projectedonly to slow the rate of GHG emissions growth from the 24percent increase, between 1990 and 2010, to an anticipatedincrease between 2010 and 2030 of between 11 and 23 percent.To foster higher ambition and sustainable development, andalso encourage large-scale financing towards the mosteffective mitigation measures, Article 6 of the Agreementrecognizes that countries may engage in cooperativeapproaches, including the use of internationally transferredmitigation outcomes (ITMOs) towards their individual NDC. Inthis new, complex and diverse environment, this paper aimsto examine emerging digital technologies and architecturesthat could be used to enhance and connect the heterogeneousclimate actions across countries, thereby supportingpost-2020 climate markets that facilitate the mostcost-effective achievement of the highest possible ambition.Given the speed with which information technology, systemarchitectures, domestic policy, and other relevant elementsare developing, the roadmap laid out in this paper willlikely continue to evolve significantly over the next few years.
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