In a conflict-affected and newlyindependent country like South Sudan, rebuilding publicsector capacity is an important aspect of state building,both in the short and in the medium to long term. Ifcapacity strengthening is not pursued or is ineffective,government functionality remains patchy and dependency ontechnical assistants (TA) remains high. Capacitystrengthening has been considered amorphous and a difficulttopic in academic literature. This paper looks at theexperience of efforts to strengthen capacity in South Sudanover the decade from 2005 to 2016. The context has provedchallenging for capacity-building efforts. On the one hand,some improvements have been seen and some skilled civilservants are in place. On the other hand, wider progress hasbeen difficult and punctuated by crises and setbacks.Renewed conflicts from December 2013 to August 2015, andagain since July 2016, have disrupted progress and planningfor development support. The report’s recommendations arebased on the assumption that minimum stability willeventually return for capacity strengthening to restart; butit cannot be predicted when this will be the case.