This paper is part of a series of fourUrban Policy Notes that identify emergent challenges toBhutan’s increasing urbanization and its ramifications forgrowth, livability, and sustainability in line with thedirectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (FYP) for 2018-23and the Vision 2020. The four notes are: (i) RegionalDevelopment, (ii) Municipal Governance and Finance, (iii)Affordable Housing, and (iv) Urban Resilience. These notesbuild on the long engagement between the Royal Government ofBhutan (RGoB) and the World Bank on urban issues as well asthe operations under the Bhutan Urban Development ProjectFirst (1999-2006) and Second (2010-19). This notespecifically draws from the ongoing support to build a safe,sustainable, and climate-resilient Bhutan through theHydromet Services and Disaster Resilience Regional Project,preparation of Bhutan’s Strategic Program for ClimateResilience Project, Improving Seismic Resilience Project,and related technical assistance. It is intended to supportthe RGoB on key and emerging topics relevant in the contextof increasing urbanization and vulnerability to weather,water, and climate hazards, and to guide the Bank’s futureanalytical and investment support on urban- andresilience-related challenges.