There is global interest in promotingmitigation and adaptation in agriculture, forest, and otherland-use (AFOLU) sectors to address the twin goals ofclimate change and sustainable development. This guidelinedeals with how to enhance carbon stocks in general in allland-based projects and its specific relationship withagriculture productivity. It outlines specific steps andprocedures that need to be followed by project proponentsand managers of land-based projects to enhance carbon stockssynergistically with increasing crop productivity. Thisguideline for carbon stock enhancement or CO2 emissionreduction in agriculture and natural resource management(NRM) projects covering all land-use sectors presents twoapproaches. The first approach is a generic one covering allthe land categories and interventions aimed at promoting theeconomic benefits (crop, timber, and non-timber wood productproduction, and employment or livelihood generation) andenvironmental benefits (soil and water conservation, landreclamation, and biodiversity protection) of a project,synergistically optimizing carbon stock enhancement as aco-benefit. The second approach provides guidelines forproject developers to maximize project C-benefits along withpromoting high-value cropping systems and productionpractices appropriate for a given agro-ecological region aswell as to meet the needs of the local stakeholders, such asfarmers or landless laborers. An illustration of the twoapproaches is presented at the end of the executive summary.The guidelines provide methods for selection andincorporation of carbon stock enhancement modules andpractices along with methods for estimation and monitoringof carbon stock changes as well as assessment of social andeconomic implications of carbon enhancement (C-enhancement) interventions.