Policy makers worldwide are increasinglyappreciating the expanding role that digital financialservices play in reaching financially excluded andunderserved customers. Though models vary widely, all haveat their heart a low-cost digital financial product such ase-money issued by a mobile network operator (MNO) orfinancial institution that permits customers to makepayments, to transfer money, and to store value in smallamounts. This value-storage functionality enables theoffering of additional services such as digital credit andoff-grid electricity on a pay as one go basis - servicesbetter tailored to the unpredictable cash flow of poorhouseholds and microenterprises.