In the summer of 2000, a drilling and sampling program was performed to assess the highly radioactive contaminated vadose zone adjacent to and beneath the 241-SX-108 Single-Shell Tank (SX-108-SST) located at the Hanford Sites in Washington State. The drilling and sampling effort was designed to retrieve contaminated samples where cesium-137 concentrations could be at the theoretical maximum concentration. Handling of drill cuttings at this concentration was not an option because dose rates to workers would have been several R/hr. A special drill rig and drilling and sampling system were designed, constructed, and fully tested to advance a casing string at an angle to collect periodic samples without damaging the SX-108 SST, generating any unnecessary wastes or exposing workers to excessive radiation.