The overall objective of the present project is to identify and assess strategies and solutions for the management of industry problems related to carbon in ash. Specific research issues to be addressed include: the effect of parent fuel selection on ash properties and adsorptivity, including a first ever examination of the air entrainment behavior of ashes from alternative (non-coal) fuels; the effect of various low-NOx firing modes on ash properties and adsorptivity; and the kinetics and mechanism of ash ozonation. This data will provide scientific and engineering support of the ongoing process development activities. During this third project period, an extensive battery of surface analysis tools was used to characterize the surfaces of untreated, air-oxidized, and ozone-treated carbons. Most of the work focused on carbon black chosen as a model carbon material suitable for understanding the fundamental surface mechanisms without interference from inorganic matter.