NASA’s Human Exploration and Operation Mission Directorate is developing a reusable hybrid transportation architecture in which both chemical and solar-electric propulsion systems are used to deliver crew and cargo to the Martian sphere of influence. By combining chemical and solar-electric propulsions into a single spacecraft and applying each where it is the most effective, the hybrid architecture enables a series of Mars trajectories that are more fuel efficient than an all chemical propulsion architecture without significant increase to trip time. Solving the complex problem of low-thrust trajectory optimization coupled with the vehicle sizing requires development of an integrated trajectory analysis frame- work. Previous studies have utilized a more segmented optimization framework due to the limitation of the tools available. A new integrated optimization framework was recently developed to address the deficiencies of the previous methods that enables higher fidelity analysis to be performed and increases the efficiency of large design space explorations.
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