Grid FriendlyTM Device Model Development and Simulation

Lu, Ning ; Hammerstrom, Donald J. ; Patrick, Stasha N.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (U.S.)

关键词: Electrical Faults;    24 Power Transmission And Distribution;    32 Energy Conservation, Consumption, And Utilization;    Electric Appliances;    Water Heaters;   

DOI  :  10.2172/974988
RP-ID  :  PNNL-18998
RP-ID  :  AC05-76RL01830
RP-ID  :  974988

美国|英语

来源: UNT Digital Library

【 摘 要 】

In late 2007, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) contracted Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to complete a research project titled Grid-Responsive Demand-Side Control Using Grid Friendly Appliance Technologies [Hammerstrom 2009, DeSteese and Hammerstrom 2009]. Cosponsors included Portland General Electric (PGE) and Puget Sound Energy (PSE). The project focused on applications of the Grid Friendly Appliance (GFA) controller, which is an autonomous controller that was designed to advise devices like appliances concerning valuable demand-side grid services that should be conducted. The controller bases its advice on observations it makes from the ac voltage signal. Electric tank water heaters were selected to be controlled by the GFA controller in this project. Two autonomous responses are addressed herein. First, an under-voltage-responsive water heater is able to recognize sudden reductions in feeder circuit voltage at each water heater and may curtail any electric load that is being consumed by the water heater. These under-voltage events are usually induced by nearby electrical faults. An under-voltage response is necessarily specified by the set of voltage thresholds at which the responsive water heaters would respond. The set of voltages at which the curtailment would be released must also be specified. Additionally, any delays prior to the water heater load becoming curtailed or again released must be specified. For example, a delay may be intentionally imposed prior to curtailing water heater loads to avoid responses during the fault itself. Much longer and randomized delays should be imposed prior to the release of curtailments in order to re-establish diversity of the water heater loads and soften what could otherwise be an abrupt reintroduction of a large aggregated electrical load into the already stressed grid region.