This report provides an assessment of the main drivers, obstacles and uncertainties surrounding the deployment of RFID in healthcare in Europe. It identifies the most promising RFID applications in healthcare delivery by reviewing potential for increasing patient safety and the reduction of costs. The analysis is based on a thorough review of academic and grey literature and available data sets, a Delphi survey of experts followed by semi-structured key informant interviews, and seven case studies of RFID applications across Europe and the US. The report assesses individual cases to identify the potential and real costs and benefits of RFID deployment in healthcare, as well as the critical success and failure factors of RFID implementation programmes in practice. A framework is presented for conducting actual cost-benefit analyses in the future and to stimulate the effective monitoring and capturing of cost-benefit data in care delivery settings.