The Health Risks of Bathing in Recreational Waters: A Rapid Evidence Assessment of Water Quality and Gastrointestinal Illness

Sarah King ; Josephine Exley ; Eleanor Winpenny ; Lottie Alves ; Marie-Louise Henham ; Jody Larkin

RAND Corporation

RAND Corporation

关键词: European Union;    Water Resources Management;    Environmental Pollution;    Public Health;    Gastrointestinal Disorders;    Water Supply;   

DOI  :  10.7249/RR698
RP-ID  :  RR-698-DEFRA

学科分类：自然科学（综合）

美国|英语

来源: RAND Corporation Published Research

【 摘 要 】

The European Bathing Directive (2006/7/EC) stipulates water quality standards for recreational bathing waters based on specified limits of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs). Presence of FIOs above the limits is considered to be indicative of poor water quality and to present a risk to bathers' health. The European Bathing Directive (2006) is to be reviewed in 2020. We conducted a rapid evidence assessment on recreational bathing waters and gastrointestinal illness (GI) to identify the extent of the literature published since the previous review period in 2003 and to determine whether there is any new evidence which may indicate that a revision to the Directive would be justified.