High-frequency, in situ sampling of field woodchip bioreactors reveals sources of sampling error and hydraulic inefficiencies

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

卷:272

Article

Maxwell, Bryan M.¹  Birgand, Francois¹  Schipper, Louis A.²  Barkle, Greg³  Rivas, Aldrin A.⁴  Helmers, Matthew J.⁵  Christianson, Laura E.⁶ 

[1] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA

[2] Univ Waikato, Biogeochem & Ecohydrol Res, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand

[3] Land & Water Res, Hamilton, New Zealand

[4] Lincoln Agritech Ltd, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand

[5] Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA

[6] Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA

关键词: Woodchip bioreactor;    Preferential flow;    Denitrification;    In situ monitoring;    Water quality;    High frequency;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110996

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Woodchip bioreactors are a practical, low-cost technology for reducing nitrate (NO3) loads discharged from agriculture. Traditional methods of quantifying their performance in the field mostly rely on low-frequency, time-based (weekly to monthly sampling interval) or flow-weighted sample collection at the inlet and outlet, creating uncertainty in their performance and design by providing incomplete information on flow and water chemistry. To address this uncertainty, two field bioreactors were monitored in the US and New Zealand using high-frequency, multipoint sampling for in situ monitoring of NO3-N concentrations. High-frequency monitoring (sub hourly interval) at the inlet and outlet of both bioreactors revealed significant variability in volumetric removal rates and percent reduction, with percent reduction varying by up to 25 percentage points within a single flow event. Time series of inlet and outlet NO3 showed significant lag in peak concentrations of 1-3 days due to high hydraulic residence time, where calculations from instantaneous measurements produced erroneous estimates of performance and misleading relationships between residence time and removal. Internal porewater sampling wells showed differences in NO3 concentration between shallow and deep zones, and hot spot zones where peak NO3 removal co-occurred with dissolved oxygen depletion and dissolved organic carbon production. Tracking NO3 movement through the profile showed preferential flow occurring with slower flow in deeper woodchips, and slower flow further from the most direct flowpath from inlet to outlet. High-frequency, in situ data on inlet and outlet time series and internal porewater solute profiles of this initial work highlight several key areas for future research.

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