Graphene environmental biodegradation: Wood degrading and saprotrophic fungi oxidize few-layer graphene

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

卷:414

Article

Carniel, Fabio Candotto¹  Fortuna, Lorenzo²  Zanelli, Davide¹  Garrido, Marina²  Vazquez, Ester^3,4  Gonzalez, Viviana Jehova⁴  Prato, Maurizio^2,5,6  Tretiach, Mauro¹ 

[1] Univ Trieste, Dept Life Sci, Via L Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[2] Univ Trieste, Dept Chem & Pharmaceut Sci, Via L Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[3] Univ Castilla La Mancha, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol Quim, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

[4] Univ Castilla La Mancha, Inst Reg Invest Cient Aplicada IRICA, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

[5] Basque Res & Technol Alliance BRTA, Ctr Cooperat Res Biomat CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo De Miramon 182, E-20014 Donostia San Sebastian, Spain

[6] Ikerbasque, Basque Fdn Sci, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain

关键词: Fungal decomposers;    Laccase;    Lignin peroxidase;    Raman analysis;    2d materials;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125553

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The environmental biodegradability profile of graphene related materials (GRMs) is important to know in order to predict whether these materials will accumulate in soil or will be transformed by primary decomposers. In this study, few-layer graphene (FLG) was exposed to living and devitalized axenic cultures of two white-rot basidiomycetes (Bjerkandera adusta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium) and one soil saprotrophic ascomycete (Morchella esculenta) with or without lignin, for a period of four months. Over this time, the increase of fungal biomass and presence of H2O2 and oxidizing enzymes [laccase/peroxidase and lignin peroxidase (LiP)] in growth media was assessed by gravimetric and spectrophotometric measurements, respectively. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to compare the structure of FLG before and after incubation. All of the test fungi decreased pH in growth media and released H2O2 and laccase/peroxidase, but only basidiomycetes released LiP. Independent of growth media composition all fungi were found to be capable to oxidize FLG to a graphene oxide-like material, including M. esculenta, which released only laccase/peroxidase, i.e. the most common enzymes among primary decomposers. These findings suggest that FLG involuntarily released into terrestrial environments would likely be oxidized by soil microflora.

【 授权许可】

Free