Cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of sulfur-based solid-state lithium batteries for electric vehicle applications

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

卷:202

Article

Keshavarzmohammadian, Azadeh¹  Cook, Sherri M.²  Milford, Jana B.¹ 

[1] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[2] Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

关键词: Battery manufacturing;    Life cycle assessment;    Life-cycle emissions;    Material inventory;    Global warming;    Cumulative energy demand;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.168

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

In this study, we investigate the cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of a pre-production sulfur-based solid-state lithium pyrite battery suitable for electric vehicle applications. We apply process-based attributional life cycle assessment methodology, utilizing laboratory data, literature, U.S. patents, and US-El 2.2 life cycle inventory database to estimate the materials and energy required for the battery and its anticipated manufacturing and assembly processes. We estimate a mass of 440 kg and a specific capacity of 182 Wh kg(-1) for a battery with 80 kWh energy capacity and 100 kW power, capable of powering a full-size battery electric vehicle with a 200-mile range. The estimated cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential for a 100-year time horizon (GWP(100)) are 3300 MJ kWh(-1) and 199 kg CO2 eq. kWh(-1), respectively. The combination of direct and upstream energy associated with clean dry-room operation accounts for the biggest share of the total CED (75%) and OWN (73%), followed by the cathode paste (10% and 6%, respectively). The energy demand and environmental impacts of the clean dry-room and cathode paste present opportunities to improve production processes and reduce costs. CED and GWP(100) impacts associated with battery production are lower than well-to-wheel energy consumption and emissions for a vehicle with the same size and range. The pyrite battery delivers higher specific capacity than the current Li-ion battery chemistries while its CED and GWP(100) environmental impacts are comparable. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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