How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

卷:191

Article

Reckien, Diana¹  Salvia, Monica²  Heidrich, Oliver³  Church, Jon Marco⁴  Pietrapertosa, Filomena²  De Gregorio-Hurtado, Sonia⁵  D'Alonzo, Valentina^6,7  Foley, Aoife⁸  Simoes, Sofia G.⁹  Lorencova, Eliska Krkoska¹⁰  Orru, Hans^11,12  Orru, Kati¹³  Wejs, Anja^14,15  Flacke, Johannes¹  Olazabal, Marta¹⁶  Geneletti, Davide⁶  Feliu, Efren¹⁷  Vasilie, Sergiu¹⁸  Nador, Cristiana¹⁹  Krook-Riekkola, Anna²⁰  Matosovic, Marko²¹  Fokaides, Paris A.²²  Ioannou, Byron I.²²  Flamos, Alexandros²³  Spyridaki, Niki-Artemis²³  Balzan, Mario V.²⁴  Fulop, Orsolya²⁵  Paspaldzhiev, Ivan²⁶  Grafakos, Stelios²⁷  Dawson, Richard³ 

[1] Univ Twente, Fac Geoinformat Sci & Earth Observat, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands

[2] Natl Res Council Italy, Inst Methodol Environm Anal, CNR IMAA, I-85050 Tito Scala, PZ, Italy

[3] Newcastle Univ, Sch Engn, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England

[4] Univ Reims, 57 Rue Pierre Taittinger, F-51571 Reims, France

[5] Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Urban & Spatial Planning, Sch Architecture, Ave Juan de Herrera 4, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[6] Univ Trento, Dept Civil Environm & Mech Engn, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy

[7] Eurac Res, Inst Renewable Energy, A Volta Str Via A Volta 13A, I-39100 Bozen Bolzano, Italy

[8] Univ Belfast, Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ashby Bldg,Stranmillis Rd, Belfast BT9 5AH, Antrim, North Ireland

[9] NOVA Univ Lisbon, NOVA Sch Sci & Technol, Ctr Environm & Sustainabil Res CENSE, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal

[10] Czech Acad Sci, Global Change Res Inst, Belidla 986-4a, Brno 60300, Czech Republic

[11] Univ Tartu, Fac Med, Ravila 19, EE-51007 Tartu, Estonia

[12] Umea Univ, Fac Med, S-90187 Umea, Sweden

[13] Univ Tartu, Fac Social Sci, Lossi 36, EE-50090 Tartu, Estonia

[14] NIRAS AS, Ostre Havnegade 12, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark

[15] Aalborg Univ, Dept Planning, Rendsburggade 14, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark

[16] Basque Ctr Climate Change BC3, Parque Cient UPV EHU,Edificio Sede 1,Planta 1, Leioa 48940, Spain

[17] TECNALIA Energy & Environm Div, Parque Tecnol Bizkaia, C Geldo 48160, Derio, Spain

[18] Denkstatt Romania SRL, Str Madrid 22, Timisoara 300391, Romania

[19] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands

[20] Lulea Univ Technol, Energy Sci Unit, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden

[21] Energy Inst Hrvoje Pozar, Savska Cesta 163, Zagreb 10001, Croatia

[22] Frederick Univ, Sch Engn, 7 Frederickou Str, CY-1036 Nicosia, Cyprus

[23] Univ Piraeus UNIPI, Dept Ind Management & Technol, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou St, Piraeus 18534, Greece

[24] Malta Coll Arts Sci & Technol, Inst Appl Sci, PLA9032, Paola, Malta

[25] Energiaklub Climate Policy Inst, Szerb U 17-19, H-1056 Budapest, Hungary

[26] Denkstatt Bulgaria Ltd, 115 Arsenalski Blvd Ent 1,Fl 5,App 7, Sofia 1421, Bulgaria

[27] Erasmus Univ Rotterdam EUR, Inst Housing & Urban Dev Studies IHS, NL-3062 PA Rotterdam, Netherlands

关键词: Climate change;    Paris agreement;    Local climate plans;    Cities;    Urban areas;    Urban audit cities;    Europe;    Adaptation;    Mitigation;    SEAP/SECAP;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean temperature rise this century to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. This target has wide-ranging implications for Europe and its cities, which are the source of substantial greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports the state of local planning for climate change by collecting and analysing information about local climate mitigation and adaptation plans across 885 urban areas of the EU-28. A typology and framework for analysis was developed that classifies local climate plans in terms of their alignment with spatial (local, national and international) and other climate related policies. Out of eight types of local climate plans identified in total we document three types of stand-alone local climate plans classified as type Al (autonomously produced plans), A2 (plans produced to comply with national regulations) or A3 (plans developed for international climate networks). There is wide variation among countries in the prevalence of local climate plans, with generally more plans developed by central and northern European cities. Approximately 66% of EU cities have a type Al, A2, or A3 mitigation plan, 26% an adaptation plan, and 17% a joint adaptation and mitigation plan, while about 33% lack any form of stand-alone local climate plan (i.e. what we classify as Al, A2, A3 plans). Mitigation plans are more numerous than adaptation plans, but planning for mitigation does not always precede planning for adaptation. Our analysis reveals that city size, national legislation, and international networks can influence the development of local climate plans. We found that size does matter as about 80% of the cities with above 500,000 inhabitants have a comprehensive and stand-alone mitigation and/or an adaptation plan (Al). Cities in four countries with national climate legislation (A2), i.e. Denmark, France, Slovakia and the United Kingdom, are nearly twice as likely to produce local mitigation plans, and five times more likely to produce local adaptation plans, compared to cities in countries without such legislation. Al and A2 mitigation plans are particularly numerous in Denmark, Poland, Germany, and Finland: while Al and A2 adaptation plans are prevalent in Denmark, Finland, UK and France. The integration of adaptation and mitigation is country-specific and can mainly be observed in two countries where local climate plans are compulsory, i.e. France and the UK. Finally, local climate plans produced for international climate networks (A3) are mostly found in the many countries where autonomous (type Al) plans are less common. This is the most comprehensive analysis of local climate planning to date. The findings are of international importance as they will inform and support decision making towards climate planning and policy development at national, EU and global level being based on the most comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of local climate planning available to date. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

【 授权许可】

Free