Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

卷:46

Article

Christov-Moore, Leonardo¹  Simpson, Elizabeth A.^3,4  Coude, Gino³  Grigaityte, Kristina^1,5  Iacoboni, Marco^1,2  Ferrari, Pier Francesco³ 

[1] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Brain Res Inst, Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

[2] Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Semel Inst Neurosci & Human Behav, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

[3] Univ Parma, Dipartimento Neurosci, I-43125 Parma, Italy

[4] NICHHD, NIH, Dickerson, MD 20842 USA

[5] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland

关键词: Ontogeny;    Gender;    Sex;    Contagion;    Mimicry;    Prosocial;    Helping;    Emotion;    Mirror neuron system;    Development;    Evolution;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Evidence suggests that there are differences in the capacity for empathy between males and females. However, how deep do these differences go? Stereotypically, females are portrayed as more nurturing and empathetic, while males are portrayed as less emotional and more cognitive. Some authors suggest that observed gender differences might be largely due to cultural expectations about gender roles. However, empathy has both evolutionary and developmental precursors, and can be studied using implicit measures, aspects that can help elucidate the respective roles of culture and biology. This article reviews evidence from ethology, social psychology, economics, and neuroscience to show that there are fundamental differences in implicit measures of empathy, with parallels in development and evolution. Studies in nonhuman animals and younger human populations (infants/children) offer converging evidence that sex differences in empathy have phylogenetic and ontogenetic roots in biology and are not merely cultural byproducts driven by socialization. We review how these differences may have arisen in response to males' and females' different roles throughout evolution. Examinations of the neurobiological underpinnings of empathy reveal important quantitative gender differences in the basic networks involved in affective and cognitive forms of empathy, as well as a qualitative divergence between the sexes in how emotional information is integrated to support decision making processes. Finally, the study of gender differences in empathy can be improved by designing studies with greater statistical power and considering variables implicit in gender (e.g., sexual preference, prenatal hormone exposure). These improvements may also help uncover the nature of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in which one sex is more vulnerable to compromised social competence associated with impaired empathy. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

【 授权许可】

Free