Implicit measures of wanting and liking in humans

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

卷:57

Review

Tibboel, Helen¹  De Houwer, Jan¹  Van Bockstaele, Bram^2,3 

[1] Univ Ghent, Dept Expt Clin & Hlth Psychol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

[2] Univ Amsterdam, Dept Dev Psychol, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[3] Univ Amsterdam, Dept Child Dev & Educ, Amsterdam, Netherlands

关键词: Addiction;    Incentive sensitization;    Wanting;    Liking;    Implicit processes;    Implicit attitudes;    Craving;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.015

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Incentive Sensitization Theory (IST; e.g., Robinson and Berridge, 1993. Brain Res. Rev., 18,291; Robinson and Berridge, 2003 Trends Neurosci., 26,507) suggests that a common dopamine system that deals with incentive salience attribution is affected by different types of drugs. Repeated drug use will sensitize this neural system, which means that drugs increasingly trigger the experience of incentive salience or wanting. Importantly, Robinson and Berridge stress that there is a dissociation between drug wanting (the unconscious attribution of incentive salience) and drug liking (the unconscious hedonic experience when one consumes drugs). Whereas the former plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, the latter does not. Although this model was based mainly on research with non-human animals, more recently the dissociation between wanting and liking has been examined in humans as well. A widely used and promising means of studying these processes are behavioral implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), different types of Stimulus-Response Compatibility (SRC) tasks, and Affective Simon Tasks (AST). IST makes the clear prediction that (1) there should be a positive correlation between indices of wanting (e.g., drug consumption) and implicit wanting scores. Similarly, there should be a positive correlation between indices of liking (e.g., various expressions of subjective pleasure) and implicit liking scores; (2) there should be higher wanting scores in substance abusers or frequent substance users compared to non-users or infrequent users, and there should be no differences in liking between these groups (or even less liking in frequent substance users); (3) manipulations of wanting should affect implicit wanting scores whereas manipulations of liking should affect implicit liking scores. However, studies that tested these hypotheses did not produce equivocal results. To shed light on these discrepancies, we first discuss the different definitions of wanting and liking and the different tests that have been used to assess these processes. Then, we discuss whether it is reasonable to assume that these tests are valid measures of wanting and liking and we review correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies that inform us about this issue. Finally, we discuss the future potential of implicit measures in research on IST and make several recommendations to improve both theory and methodology. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

【 授权许可】

Free