Human gender development

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS

卷:118

Review

Hines, Melissa¹ 

[1] Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychol, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, England

关键词: Sex;    Gender;    Gender role behavior;    Childhood gender role behavior;    Sexual orientation;    Gender identity;    Spatial ability;    Mental rotation;    Autistic traits;    Autistic spectrum disorder;    Autism;    Testosterone;    Androgen;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.018

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of elements in the system and how they interact is currently incomplete. The available evidence suggests, however, that early exposure to testosterone, postnatal socialization, e.g., by parents and peers, and self-socialization related to cognitive understanding of gender are important elements. This article focuses on prenatal and early neonatal influences of testosterone on gender-related psychological/behavioral outcomes, and contextualizes these hormonal influences within an understanding of socialization influences. There is consistent evidence that early testosterone exposure influences childhood gender role behavior, including sex-typical toy play, as well as gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence for similar hormonal influences on spatial ability and on traits related to autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is inconsistent. Evidence from girls exposed to elevated testosterone prenatally suggests that they experience alterations in processes of external socialization, as well as self-socialization, and that these, along with early testosterone exposure, shape gender-related outcomes.

【 授权许可】

Free