Geothermal energy in deep aquifers: A global assessment of the resource base for direct heat utilization

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS

卷:82

Review

Limberger, Jon¹  Boxem, Thijs²  Pluymaekers, Maarten²  Bruhn, David^3,4  Manzella, Adele⁵  Calcagno, Philippe⁶  Beekman, Fred¹  Cloetingh, Sierd¹  van Wees, Jan-Diederik^1,2 

[1] Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, POB 80021, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands

[2] TNO, POB 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands

[3] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Helmholtz Ctr Potsdam, Sect 6-2,Telegrafenberg Bldg A 69, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany

[4] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, POB 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands

[5] Natl Res Council Italy, Inst Geosci & Earth Resources, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy

[6] Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Orleans, France

关键词: Geothermal energy;    Global resources;    Heat flow;    Heat in place;    Direct heat utilization;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.084

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

In this paper we present results of a global resource assessment for geothermal energy within deep aquifers for direct heat utilization. Greenhouse heating, spatial heating, and spatial cooling are considered in this assessment. We derive subsurface temperatures from geophysical data and apply a volumetric heat-in-place method to improve current global geothermal resource base estimates for direct heat applications. The amount of thermal energy stored within aquifers depends on the Earth's heat flow, aquifer volume, and thermal properties. We assess the thermal energy available by estimating subsurface temperatures up to a depth of three kilometer depending on aquifer thickness. The distribution of geothermal resources is displayed in a series of maps and the depth of the minimum production temperature is used as an indicator of performance and technical feasibility. Suitable aquifers underlay 16% of the Earth's land surface and store an estimated 4.10(5) to 5.10(6) EJ that could theoretically be used for direct heat applications. Even with a conservative recovery factor of 1% and an assumed lifetime of 30 years, the annual recoverable geothermal energy is in the same order as the world final energy consumption of 363.5 EJ yr-1. Although the amount of geothermal energy stored in aquifers is vast, geothermal direct heat applications are currently underdeveloped with less than one thousandth of their technical potential used.

【 授权许可】

Free