Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: Structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry

MATERIALS TODAY

卷:23

Article

Dou, Xinwei^1,2  Hasa, Ivana³  Saurel, Damien⁴  Vaalma, Christoph^1,2  Wu, Liming⁵  Buchholz, Daniel^1,2  Bresser, Dominic^1,2  Komaba, Shinichi⁶  Passerini, Stefano^1,2 

[1] HIU, Electrochem 1,Helmholtzstr 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany

[2] KIT, POB 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[3] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Div, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[4] CIC EnergiGUNE, Parque Tecnol Alava,Albert Einstein 48, Minano 01510, Alava, Spain

[5] Wuhan Univ Technol, State Key Lab Adv Technol Mat Synth & Proc, Luoshi Rd 122, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China

[6] Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Appl Chem, Shinjuku Ku, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Tokyo 1628061, Japan

关键词: Hard carbon;    Hard carbon structure;    Carbon characterization techniques;    Sodium storage mechanism;    Sodium-ion batteries;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.mattod.2018.12.040

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Hard carbons are extensively studied for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, but only recently a great interest has been focused toward the understanding of the sodium storage mechanism and the comprehension of the structure-function correlation. Although several interesting mechanisms have been proposed, a general mechanism explaining the observed electrochemical processes is still missing, which is essentially originating from the remaining uncertainty on the complex hard carbons structure. The achievement of an in-depth understanding of the processes occurring upon sodiation, however, is of great importance for a rational design of optimized anode materials. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the up-to-date known structural models of hard carbons and their correlation with the proposed models for the sodium-ion storage mechanisms. In this regard, a particular focus is set on the most powerful analytical tools to study the structure of hard carbons (upon de-/sodiation) and a critical discussion on how to interpret and perform such analysis. Targeting the eventual commercialization of hard carbon anodes for sodiumion batteries - after having established a fundamental understanding - we close this review with a careful evaluation of potential strategies to ensure a high degree of sustainability, since this is undoubtedly a crucial parameter to take into account for the future large-scale production of hard carbons.

【 授权许可】

Free