Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst

RENEWABLE ENERGY

卷:111

Article

Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim¹  Rashid, Umer¹  Yunus, Robiah²  Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin³ 

[1] Univ Putra Malaysia, Inst Adv Technol, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

[2] Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia

[3] Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Sci, Catalysis Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

关键词: Palm seed cake;    Palm fatty acid distillate;    Heterogeneous catalyst;    Sulfonation;    Reusability;    Biodiesel;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.056

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The use of a sulfonated soaked palm seed cake (SPSC-SO3H) derived catalyst for the production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) (the byproduct obtained during palm oil production) has been demonstrated. The activated carbon material from the soaked palm seed cake (SPSC) was sulfonated and then used for the esterification of PFAD (containing 85% of free fatty acid (FFA), 10% of triglycerides, 3% of diglycerides, 0.3% of monoglycerides and some traces of impurities). The synthesized SPSC-SO3H catalyst was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), N-2 physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst showed higher acid density (12.08 mmol g(-1)) and surface area (483.07 m(2) g(-1)). The optimized reaction conditions, i.e. 9:1 methanol/PFAD molar ratio; 60 degrees C reaction temperature; 2.5 wt.% of the SPSC-SO3H catalyst and 2 h of reaction time was employed to achieve FFA conversion (98.2%) and FAME yield (97.8%). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst underwent eight reaction cycles and catalytic activity was dropped by 24% during recyclability study. The SPSC-SO3H catalyst demonstrates a promising and effective application for biodiesel synthesis especially for feedstocks containing high free fatty acid content. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

【 授权许可】

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