The chlorination behaviour and environmental fate of the antiretroviral drug nevirapine in South African surface water

WATER RESEARCH

卷:104

Article

Wood, Timothy Paul^1,4  Basson, Adriaan Erasmus²  Duvenage, Cornelia³  Rohwer, Egmont Richard⁴ 

[1] Protech Labs, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa

[2] NICD, Morris Lab, Ctr HIV & STI HIV Virol Sect, ZA-2131 Johannesburg, South Africa

[3] 1 Mil Hosp, South African Mil Hlth Serv, Dept Internal Med, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa

[4] Univ Pretoria, Dept Chem, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa

关键词: Nevirapine;    Chlorination;    Wastewater;    LC-MS;    Surface water;    LC-QTOF;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.038

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The wastewater treatment process, besides discharging pharmaceuticals into the environment, has been found to result in the formation of a variety of undescribed compounds. Here we investigate the laboratory scale chlorination of the commonly used anti-HIV drug Nevirapine, characterise its disinfection transformation products (DTPs), and using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry, screen environmental surface water for these DTPs. Chlorination of Nevirapine was scaled up, fractioned by preparative chromatography and the fractions were tested in vitro for toxicity and anti-HIV activity. Nevirapine was found to be resistant to degradation at relevant chlorination levels, which may partially explain its ubiquitous presence in South African surface water. During simulated chlorination, a variety of DTPs with varying properties were formed, some of which were detected in the environment, close to wastewater treatment plants. Interestingly, some of these compounds, although not as toxic as Nevirapine, retained antiviral activity. Further purification and synthesis is required to fully characterise these novel molecules. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

【 授权许可】

Free