Quantitative evaluation of enterococci and Bacteroidales released by adults and toddlers in marine water

WATER RESEARCH

卷:43

Article

Elmir, Samir M.^2,3  Shibata, Tomoyuki^2,4,5,6  Solo-Gabriele, Helena M.^1,2  Sinigalliano, Christopher D.^2,4  Gidley, Maribeth L.^2,4  Miller, Gary³  Plano, Lisa R. W.^2,7,8  Kish, Jonathan^2,9  Withum, Kelly²  Fleming, Lora E.^2,3 

[1] Univ Miami, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA

[2] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, NSF NIEHS Oceans & Human Hlth Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA

[3] Miami Dade Cty Hlth Dept, Miami, FL 33056 USA

[4] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA

[5] No Illinois Univ, Publ Hlth Program, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA

[6] No Illinois Univ, Hlth Educ Program, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA

[7] Univ Miami, Dept Pediat Microbiol, Miami, FL 33130 USA

[8] Univ Miami, Dept Immunol, Miami, FL 33130 USA

[9] Univ Miami, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Miller Sch Med, Miami, FL 33136 USA

关键词: Bather shedding;    Enterococci;    Bacteroidales;    Beach sand;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.006

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Traditionally, the use of enterococci has been recommended as the fecal indicator bacteria of choice for testing marine recreational water quality, and prior studies have shown that bathers shed large numbers of enterococci into the water. The current study expands upon prior research by evaluating shedding from both toddlers and adults, and by the expansion of measurements to include enterococci shedding via three different methods (membrane filter (MF), chromogenic substrate (CS), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)) and shedding of alternative fecal indicator bacteria (Bacteroidales human markers UCD and HF8 via qPCR). Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first experiment consisted of two groups of 10 adults who bathed together in a large pool. The second study consisted of 14 toddlers who bathed individually in a small pool which allowed for sand recovery. Sand recovery was used to estimate the amount of sand transported on the bodies of toddlers and to estimate the number of fecal indicator bacteria released from this sand. The numbers of estimated enterococci shed per adult ranged from 1.8 x 10(4) to 2.8 x 10(6) CFU, from 1.9 x 10(3) to 4.5 x 10(6) MPN, and from 3.8 x 10(5) to 5.5 x 10(6) GEU based on the MF, CS, and qPCR methods, respectively. The estimated numbers of Bacteroidales human markers ranged from 1.8 x 10(4) to 1.3 x 10(6) for UCD, and ranged from the below detection limit to 1.6 x 10(5) for HF8. The estimated amount of sand transported per toddler (n = 14) into the water column after sand exposure was 8 +/- 6 g on average. When normalizing the numbers of enterococci shed from toddlers via sand by the 3.9 body surface area ratio, the differences between toddlers and adults were insignificant. Contributions of sands to the total enterococci (MF) shed per toddler was 3.7 +/- 4.4% on average. Although shedding via beach sand may contribute a small fraction of the microbial load during initial bathing, it may have a significant role if bathers go to water repetitively after sand exposure. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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