Individual exposures to drinking water trihalomethanes, low birth weight and small for gestational age risk: a prospective Kaunas cohort study

Environmental Health

Research

Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen¹  Violeta Kapustinskiene²  Gediminas Balcius²  Jone Vencloviene²  Asta Danileviciute²  Regina Grazuleviciene²  Maria Kostopoulou-Karadanelli³  Stuart W Krasner⁴ 

[1] Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania;Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Greece;The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA, USA;

关键词: Fetal Growth;    Birth Outcome;    Adverse Birth Outcome;    Internal Dose;    Entire Pregnancy;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1476-069X-10-32

 received in 2010-10-12, accepted in 2011-04-19,  发布年份 2011

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundEvidence for an association between exposure during pregnancy to trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water and impaired fetal growth is still inconsistent and inconclusive, in particular, for various exposure routes. We examined the relationship of individual exposures to THMs in drinking water on low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and birth weight (BW) in singleton births.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of 4,161 pregnant women in Kaunas (Lithuania), using individual information on drinking water, ingestion, showering and bathing, and uptake factors of THMs in blood, to estimate an internal dose of THM. We used regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between internal THM dose and birth outcomes, adjusting for family status, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, blood pressure, ethnic group, previous preterm, infant gender, and birth year.ResultsThe estimated internal dose of THMs ranged from 0.0025 to 2.40 mg/d. We found dose-response relationships for the entire pregnancy and trimester-specific THM and chloroform internal dose and risk for LBW and a reduction in BW. The adjusted odds ratio for third tertile vs. first tertile chloroform internal dose of entire pregnancy was 2.17, 95% CI 1.19-3.98 for LBW; the OR per every 0.1 μg/d increase in chloroform internal dose was 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19. Chloroform internal dose was associated with a slightly increased risk of SGA (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.87-1.63 and OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.89-1.68, respectively, for second and third tertile of third trimester); the risk increased by 4% per every 0.1 μg/d increase in chloroform internal dose (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.09).ConclusionsTHM internal dose in pregnancy varies substantially across individuals, and depends on both water THM levels and water use habits. Increased internal dose may affect fetal growth.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Grazuleviciene et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011